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Can Hot-Water Emasculation Be Applied to Artificial Hybridization of Indica-Type Cambodian Rice?
Ly Tong and Tomohiko Yoshida
Key words: Artificial pollination, Hot water emasculation, Indica type, Self-pollination.
In rice breeding, clipping and vacuuming (Coffman and Herrera, 1980) are commonly used to remove pollens in IRRI and U.S.A; both of methods require more labor and need a highly skillful operation. Hot-water emasculation is a method popularly used in japonica rice breeding programs (Kondou, 1939; Matsubayashi et al., 1965), deactivating pollen by hot water. It is easy to handle for both the skillful person and the unskillful person and requires less labor. It is not known why breeders other than Japanese are not willing to accept this hot-water emasculation method, but one reason might be the absence of reports about this method applied to indica cultivars. The purpose of this study is to apply the method to Cambodian cultivars of indica type.
Materials and Methods
Female parents of 11 Cambodian cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.) Chheam An'-tung, IR Kesar, Neang Minh, Phka Khgnei, Phka Mlis, Phka Rumdoul, Phka Rumchang, Rohat, Rumpe, Santepheap 3, Sen Pidao were obtained from Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI). Koshihikari and W42 (a cultivar selected from the cross between Hinohikari and Koshihikari, Won et al., 1998) were used as male parents. Experiment was conducted at Utsunomiya University (Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan) in 2005 and 2006. Female plants were grown in pots under natural condition and were transferred to a dark room for exposing 8-hr photoperiod. During flowering time, the plants with about two third of panicles emerged out from the leaf sheath were selected as a female parent, and 5 panicles were used for each treatment. Spikelets that had already flowered before treatment and spikelets which didnft open after treatment were removed.
1. Experiment of stigma tolerance to hot water
For experiment of stigma tolerance to hot water, panicles were submerged in hot water for 7 min at 43, 44, 45 and 46Ž in 2005 and 44, 45 and 46Ž in 2006. After the hot-water treatment, un-opened spikelets were removed, and 3-7 panicles each having more than 10 spikelets were artificially pollinated with un-treated healthy pollens of Koshihikari and W42. One week after pollination, the number of fertilized and non-fertilized spikelets was counted.
2. Experiment of pollen tolerance to hot water
For experiment of pollen tolerance to hot water, panicles were submerged in each treatment of hot water for 7 minutes at 40, 43 and 46Ž in 2005 and at 40, 43, 44, 45 and 46Ž in 2006 and self-pollinated. Then the panicles having more than 10 spikelets were chosen and grown in the natural condition, and covered with paper bags to avoid cross pollination. After seven days, the number of fertilized and unfertilized spikelets was counted. Koshihikari was included as a check cultivar.
Results and Discussion
The average percentage of fertilized spikelets of Cambodian cultivars per panicle tested for stigma tolerance treated at 43, 44, 45 and 46Ž, was 36.0, 23.6, 13.0 and 0.3%, respectively, in 2005 and at 44, 45 and 46Ž it was 21.8, 11.7 and 10.6%, respectively, in 2006 (Fig. 1).
The average percentage of self-fertilized spikelets of Cambodian cultivars per panicle tested for pollen tolerance treated at 40, 43 and 46Ž was 17.8, 0.4 and 0.04%, respectively, in 2005 and at 40, 43, 44, 45 and 46Ž, it was 14.4, 0.4, 0, 0.4 and 0.1%, respectively, in 2006 (Fig. 2). That of Koshihikari at 40, 43 and 46Ž was 43, 0 and 3%, respectively, in 2005 and at 40, 43, 44, 45 and 46Ž it was 64, 0, 0.9, 1.4 and 0%, respectively, in 2006. The results of our experiments show that hot-water treatment at higher than 43Ž for 7 minutes can be effective for inhibition of fertilization in Cambodian cultivars, although the treatment at 43-44Ž did not inactivate the female organs in more than 20% of the spikelets.
In conclusion, hot water emasculation by 43Ž for 7 minutes can be applied for artificial crossing of indica type Cambodian cultivars with japonica cultivars. A very few percentage (one or two grains) of fertilization over 43Ž, which was also reported in Kondou (1939), might be practically negligible.
References
Coffman, W.R. et al. 1980. Hybridization of Crop Plants. American Society of Agronomy-Crop Science Society of America.Wis., U.S.A. 511-522.
Kondou, Y. 1939. Agric. and Hortic. 14 : 41-52*
Matsubayashi, M. et al. 1965. Theory and practice of growing rice. Fuji Publishing Co., Tokyo. 66-76.
Won, J.G. et al. 1998. Plant Prod. Sci. 1 : 280-285.
*In Japanese